Negative-ion mass spectrometry of amphetamine congeners. [A comparative morphological and chemical study of the ambroxol and chlorphentermine action on the lung phospholipid content (author's transl)] Tolerance and cross tolerance to the anorexigenic effect of appetite suppressants in rats. Ionamin online references

Ionamin online research references

Clin Chem. 1978 Oct;24(10):1720-3.
Negative-ion mass spectrometry of amphetamine congeners.

Marde Y, Ryhage R.

Negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry with a conventional combined gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer has been used for the analysis of amphetamine-like compounds. Ammonia was used as the reagent gas, which gives rise to few but specific sample-fragment ions, such as (M--1)- as the base peak, m/z 91, and a smaller peak corresponding to the end part of the side chain. Five reference compounds and a urine sample from an overdose case were analyzed. Comparative positive-ion chemical ionization reference spectra were also recorded.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=699276&dopt=Abstract

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Zentralbl Allg Pathol. 1982;126(1-2):185-95.
[A comparative morphological and chemical study of the ambroxol and chlorphentermine action on the lung phospholipid content (author's transl)]

[Article in German]

Meerbach W, Grabner R, Dietz W, Bottger W.

The influence of chronic administration of ambroxol on the phospholipid-(PL-) content and ultrastructure of lungs has been studied and compared with the effect of chlorphentermine (chlph.). Both drugs are amphiphilic substances. The causative factor of the well-known chlph. induced phospholipidosis-like alterations was suggested to be an inhibition of enzymatic degradation of PL. Rats were intraperitoneally treated five times per week for two weeks with chlph. (0,2 mMol per kg b.w.) and ambroxol (0.2 mMol per kg b.w.), respectively. Lung, heart, liver, kidney and spleen were light microscopically examined, and the lung was studied by electron microscopy. Furthermore, the PL-content of the whole lung tissue, the proportion of phosphatidylcholine (PC), the lung weight/body weight ratio (LM/KM) as well as the dry weight/wet weight ratio (TM/FM) of the lung was calculated. The application of chlph, induced an excessive PL-storage in the lung as indicated by an increase of the PL-content, of the PC-proportion as well as of the LM/KM and TM/FM ratio. The accumulated PL are detectable by electron microscopy, mainly in the lysosomes of macrophages appearing as lamellar or crystalloid inclusions. On the contrary, chronic application of ambroxol does not cause any substantial changes especially no abnormal lysosomal PL-inclusions. Therefore, it is suggested that ambroxol does not interfere with the PL-metabolism in a way comparable to that of the chlph. action.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7090596&dopt=Abstract

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Int J Obes. 1978;2(1):59-68.
Tolerance and cross tolerance to the anorexigenic effect of appetite suppressants in rats.

Opitz K.

Rats were treated chronically with various anorexigenic substances which were administered orally once (or twice) daily or bidaily. Complete tolerance to the anorectic effect of d-amphetamine, fenfluramine, benfluorex (780 SE), chlorphentermine, and mazindol developed in 11-17 days. Test doses were given at different points of time after withdrawal in order to recognize the presence or absence of direct or cross tolerance. Direct tolerance to fenfluramine and benfluorex persisted for 46 days, whereas tolerance to mazindol was no longer present at day 20. There was lasting bidirectional cross tolerance between chlorphentermine and fenfluramine, transient bidirectional cross tolerance between mazindol and amphetamine, but only unidirectional cross tolerance between amphetamine and fenfluramine.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=711356&dopt=Abstract

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