Metabolic N-oxidation products of aliphatic amines as potential mediators in amine pharmacology. Drug-induced foam cell reactions in rats, II. Chemical analysis of lipids stored in lungs and foam cells after treatment with chlorphentermine, 5-[p-(fluoren-9-ylidenemethyl)phenyl]-2-piperidineethanol (RMI 10.393) and 1-chloramitriptyline. Retinal lipidosis in albino rats treated with chlorphentermine and with tricyclic antidepressants. Ionamin online references

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Int J Clin Pharmacol Biopharm. 1975 Jul;12(1-2):180-5.
Metabolic N-oxidation products of aliphatic amines as potential mediators in amine pharmacology.

Gorrod JW, Jenner P.

Whilst it has long been recognized that many tertiary amines are converted by the body into the corresponding amine oxides, little attention has, until recently, been paid to the metabolic oxidation of the nitrogen occurring in primary and secondary basic amines. Moreover, the extreme water solubility of tertiary amine oxides generally rendered them pharmacologically inert. In contrast, the primary and secondary hydroxylamines derived from aralkylamines are lipophilic substances and could well be involved in the pharmacological activity of this group of drugs. Data are presented on the metabolic formation of these N-oxidation products from a variety of basic drugs, and evidence for the involvement of these metabolites in the pharmacology of these drugs is discussed.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1172491&dopt=Abstract

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Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem. 1975 Jul;356(7):1151-60.
Drug-induced foam cell reactions in rats, II. Chemical analysis of lipids stored in lungs and foam cells after treatment with chlorphentermine, 5-[p-(fluoren-9-ylidenemethyl)phenyl]-2-piperidineethanol (RMI 10.393) and 1-chloramitriptyline.

Karabelnik D, Zbinden G.

Lipidosis and foam cell reaction was induced in rat lungs by repeated administration of chlorphentermine, RMI 10.393 (=5-[p-(fluoren-9-ylidenemethyl)phenyl]-2-piperidineethanol), and 1-chloramitriptyline. Foam cell and lung lipids were extracted and separated in classes by thin-layer chromatography. Phospholipids were determined by phosphorus analysis, while neutral lipids were measured densitometrically. In lungs of drug-treated rats lecithin, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidyl inositol and free fatty acids accumulated in varying amounts. All other lipids were present in normal or reduced concentrations. Foam cells of chlorphentermine- and RMI 10.393-treated rats contained mainly phospholipids, i.e. lecithin and only small amounts of neutral lipids, i.e. cholesterol. Foam cells induced by 1-chloramitriptyline contained besides phospholipids also large amounts of neutral lipids, i.e. cholesterol, free fatty acids and cholesterol esters. This study and recent reports of others show that certain drugs produce a generalized metabolic disturbance characterized by accumulation of various lipids in several tissues. The distribution patterns of lipids induced by various drugs may differ considerably. This indicates that several biochemical mechanisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of drug-induced lipidosis.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1193539&dopt=Abstract

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Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 1976 May 18;35(1):55-67.
Retinal lipidosis in albino rats treated with chlorphentermine and with tricyclic antidepressants.

Lullmann-Rauch R.

Retinal pigment epithelium is known to be engaged in continuous phagocytosis and digestion of old discs of visual cell outer segments, which have a high phospholipid content. The present ultrastructural study was focused mainly on the effects, upon pigment epithelium, of several drugs that are thought to interfere with the enzymatic degradation of phospholipids. Albino rats received high oral doses of chlorphentermine, iprindole, 1-chloroamitriptyline, imipramine, or clomipramine. After treatment for several weeks the pigment epithelial cells were doubled in height due to deposition of excessive amounts of abnormal cytoplasmic inclusions which had a crystalloid substructure. Such inclusions which are known from previous studies to be associated with drug-induced phospholipid storage are suggested to contain nondigestible phospholipids, which in pigment epithelium originate mainly from phagocytosed outer segment discs. The alterations were reversible by withdrawal of the drugs. The functional implications of the epithelial alterations remain to be elucidated. Additional examination of the neuroretina revealed numerous abnormal inclusions, mainly of multilamellated structure. Ganglion cells were affected most. The neuroretinal alterations were reminiscent of those described in human cases of inherited lipidoses.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=179264&dopt=Abstract

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