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Toxicon. 2001 May;39(5):641-9.
Regeneration and change of muscle fiber types after injury induced by a hemorrhagic fraction isolated from Agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus venom.
Salvini TF, Belluzzo SS, Selistre de Araujo HS, Souza DH.
Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, 13565-905, SP, Sao Carlos, Brazil. taniower.ufscar.br
Tibialis anterior (TA) muscles of rats were evaluated 3h, 3 and 30days after intramuscular injection of ACL hemorrhagic toxin I (ACLHT-I, 5mg/kg), partially purified from the venom of Agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus. Contralateral muscles were injected with saline. Three hours after ACLHT-1 injection: presence of hemorrhagic areas and myonecrotic muscle fibers. Three days: injured muscles showed areas in regeneration, some regions with delay of regeneration and bundles of normal fibers. An increased TA muscle weight was found when compared with the contralateral (0.45+/-0.03g versus 0.36+/-0.04g, p=0.04). Thirty days: areas of regenerated muscle fibers presented splits and centralized nuclei. Some regions were replaced by connective tissue. All muscle fiber types were injured but only the incidence of type IIC increased (3.4+/-2.0% versus 0.2+/-0.2%, p=0.0005). Regenerated areas of muscles were exclusively composed by fiber types II and IIC. Regenerated muscles decreased the muscle weight (0.49+/-0.1g versus 0.66+/-0.05g, p=0. 03). In conclusion, ACLHT-I: (a) caused hemorrhage and muscle fiber injury; (b) injured both fiber types I and II; (c) increased the incidence of fiber type IIC and; (d) some muscle regions were replaced by connective tissue.
Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11072042&dopt=Abstract hemorrhage
Toxicon. 2001 May;39(5):711-9.
Lachesis muta muta venom: immunological differences compared with Bothrops atrox venom and importance of specific antivenom therapy.
Colombini M, Fernandes I, Cardoso DF, Moura-da-Silva AM.
Laboratorio de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900, SP, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Lachesis muta muta and Bothrops atrox snakes are responsible for most accidents occurring in the Amazon. The clinical features of the accidents are similar; however, there are still controversies about the efficacy of Bothrops antivenoms for treating L. m. muta accidents. In this work, we evaluated the antigenic cross-reactivity between these venoms using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies and the efficacy of B. atrox and L. m. muta experimental antivenoms in cross-neutralizing the main toxic activities of each venom. Electrophoretic patterns differed consistently between the species. However, antigenic cross-reactivity was extensive except for a few bands. Several species-specific monoclonal antibodies were obtained by immunization of Balb/c mice with L. m. muta whole venom or B. atrox and L. m. muta specific antigens. The monoclonal antibodies specific to L. m. muta recognized different bands of this venom and the antibodies specific to B. atrox recognized a complex pattern on whole venom by Western blotting. These antibodies are important tools for developing an immunoassay able to discriminate patients bitten by these snakes. The experiments involving cross-neutralization of the main activities of the venoms showed that hemorrhage and blood incoagulability induced by B. atrox venom were similarly neutralized by both B. atrox and L. m. muta antivenoms. However, B. atrox antivenom partially neutralized the hemorrhage and completely failed in neutralizing coagulopathy induced by L. m. muta venom. Therefore, antigenic variation between B. atrox and L. m. muta venoms does occur and the use of specific antivenom is suggested for patients bitten by Lachesis snakes.
Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11072051&dopt=Abstract hemorrhage
Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2000 Oct 14;144(42):2015-8.
[Evaluation of gradual conversion to a less invasive therapeutic strategy for pregnant women with alloimmune thrombocytopenia in the fetus for prevention of intracranial hemorrhage]
[Article in Dutch]
Radder CM, Kanhai HH, de Beaufort AJ, Klumper FJ, Brand A.
Afd. Verloskunde, Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a less invasive management strategy for pregnant women with neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia without a history of intracranial haemorrhage. DESIGN: Retrospective and descriptive. METHOD: In Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands, in the period 1994-August 1999, 31 women with 32 pregnancies were treated. Six women had a history of a sibling with thrombocytopenia and intracranial haemorrhage and 26 a history of a sibling with (severe) thrombocytopenia without haemorrhage. Treatment options consisted of weekly administered intravenous immunoglobulin (ivIG) to the mother without diagnostic cordocentesis, cordocentesis with foetal blood sampling and intrauterine platelet transfusions to the fetus. In the group without history of intracranial haemorrhage fetal blood sampling and platelet transfusion were gradually abandoned as much as possible. RESULTS: In the children of the treated pregnant women there were no instances of intracranial haemorrhage. In addition, the platelet count in cord blood was higher, compared with patients treated before 1994 and with literature data. CONCLUSION: A less invasive management strategy in case of a history without intracranial haemorrhage seems justified based on results in our population. Administration of ivIG without diagnostic cordocentesis, however, results in a lost opportunity to verify the indication and the effectiveness of treatment.
Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11072521&dopt=Abstract hemorrhage
MMW Fortschr Med. 2000 Oct 5;142(40):29-31.
[Therapy of subarachnoid hemorrhage. First aid already on site!]
[Article in German]
Medele RJ, Schmid-Elsaesser R, Steiger HJ.
Neurochirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum Grosshadern der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen. RMedelc.med.uni-muenchen.de
The age peak for spontaneous subarachnoidal bleeding from an aneurysm is 55-60 years, and two-thirds of the cases are women. The prognosis continues to be poor (50% early mortality rate). Early admission to a neurosurgical department/institution may be life-saving. Already in the out-of-hospital situation, lowering of the frequently elevated blood pressure needs to be achieved (e.g. with Adalat (nifedipine) 10 mg, sublingual). Depending on the stage presenting, either early surgery is indicated, or elective surgery when the patient has been stabilized. Here, two different schools of thought continue to exist. A new method is endovascular coiling involving the microcatheter placement of tiny platinum spirals in the aneurysm to effect local thrombosis. As a prophylactic measure, vasospasm may be prevented by the administration of Nimotop (nimodipine). But its treatment continues to be problematic.
Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11072712&dopt=Abstract hemorrhage
J Leukoc Biol. 2000 Nov;68(5):700-6.
Losartan, a selective inhibitor of subtype AT1 receptors for angiotensin II, inhibits neutrophil recruitment in the lung triggered by fMLP.
Raiden S, Pereyra Y, Nahmod V, Alvarez C, Castello L, Giordano M, Geffner J.
Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Hematologic Research, National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina. geffneail.retina.ar
We have shown that losartan, a selective inhibitor of AT1 receptors for angiotensin II (AII), inhibits the binding of [3H]fMLP to neutrophil receptors (FPR). Here, we analyze, in Wistar rats, the effect of losartan on neutrophil recruitment in the lung triggered by fMLP. We found that i.v. infusion of losartan (0.4-20.0 microg/kg/min) inhibits neutrophil recruitment induced by i.t. instillation of fMLP, without affecting the responses induced by other stimuli, such as aggregated human IgG (aIgG), precipitating immune complexes (IC), or zymosan. Histological evaluation of lungs as well as the analysis of lung hemorrhage indices showed that losartan prevents tissue injury partially in fMLP-challenged rats. We also analyzed the effect of losartan on lung-neutrophil recruitment triggered by i.t. instillation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Not only was there a marked decrease in neutrophil recruitment but also a significant increase in the survival of rats instillated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as a consequence of losartan treatment. Our results support the notion that losartan may be useful in the treatment of certain lung inflammatory disorders associated with bacterial infectious diseases.
Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11073110&dopt=Abstract hemorrhage
The average human scalp is covered by approximatey 100,000 hair follicles. Each hair undergoes
Loss of hair itself does not pose critical health problems because biological role of human hair is relatively marginal. Hair on our scalp protects the head from mechanical shock, heat loss, and exposure to UV-light. The eyelashes and eyebrowes protect the eyes, and hair in the ear canal or the nasal passages help filter out particles and pathogens, thus protecting our internal organs.
However, hair does play important social role: it is one of the major determinants of our appearance and identity in daily life. Fullness of hair also implicates or manifests physical integrity and youthfulness of the person. Losing hair could have more than just emotional impacts on individuals.
The hair is a unique organ that goes through a characteristic cycle consisting of an immature phase, a growing phase called anagen, a transitional phase between the growing phase and the resting phase called catagen, and finally a resting phase called telogen in which the hair stops growing, waiting to fall out. 85-90% of hairs on our body are in anagen phase or growing phase, which lasts anywhere from two to five years. This phase is followed by a short regression phase, or catagen, which lasts 2-3 weeks. Approximately 1% of hair follicles are in catagen. Approximately 10-15% of hair follicles are in the resting phase, the telogen, which lasts about 3-5 months. Hair follicles typically goes through 10-20 asynchronous cycles during the lifetime.
Persistent loss of more than 150 hairs would consist a state of hair loss, or alopecia, albeit it could be temporary.
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