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Eur J Endocrinol. 2002 Dec;147(6):815-24.
Serotonergic involvement in stress-induced vasopressin and oxytocin secretion.
Jorgensen H, Knigge U, Kjaer A, Warberg J.
Department of Medical Physiology, The Panum Institute, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200N Copenhagen, Denmark. hsfi.ku.dk
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the involvement of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine - 5-HT) receptors in mediation of stress-induced arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) secretion in male rats. DESIGN: Experiments on laboratory rats with control groups. METHODS: Different stress paradigms were applied after pretreatment with intracerebroventricular infusion of saline or different 5-HT antagonists. RESULTS: Restraint stress (5 min), hypotensive hemorrhage or dehydration for 24 h increased AVP secretion fivefold and OT secretion threefold. Swim stress for 3 min had no effect on AVP secretion, but increased OT secretion threefold. Ether vapor or hypoglycemia had no effect on AVP or OT secretion. The restraint stress-induced AVP response was inhibited by pretreatment with the 5-HT(2A+2C) antagonists ketanserin (KET) and LY-53857 (LY) and the 5-HT(3+4) antagonist ICS-205930 (ICS), whereas the 5-HT(1A) antagonist WAY-100635 (WAY) had no effect. The OT response to restraint stress was inhibited by WAY, KET and LY but not by ICS. KET and LY inhibited OT response to dehydration, and LY inhibited OT response to hemorrhage. Neither of the antagonists affected AVP responses to dehydration or hemorrhage, nor the swim stress-induced OT response. CONCLUSION: 5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2C) and possibly 5-HT(3) and 5-HT(4) receptors, but not 5-HT(1A) receptors, are involved in the restraint stress-induced AVP secretion. 5-HT does not seem to be involved in the dehydration- or hemorrhage-induced AVP response. The restraint stress-induced OT response seems to be mediated via 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(2A) and 5-HT(2C) receptors. The dehydration and hemorrhage-induced OT responses are at least mediated by the 5-HT(2A) and 5-HT(2C) receptors. The 5-HT(3) and 5-HT(4) receptors are not involved in stress-induced OT secretion.
Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12457458&dopt=Abstract hemorrhage
J Cataract Refract Surg. 2002 Nov;28(11):2001-5.
Combined surgery and sequential surgery comprising phacoemulsification, pars plana vitrectomy, and intraocular lens implantation: comparison of clinical outcomes.
Chung TY, Chung H, Lee JH.
Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of combined phacoemulsification, pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in diabetic and nondiabetic patients and compare the clinical results with those of sequential surgery. SETTING: Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. METHODS: The results of combined phacoemulsification, PPV, and IOL implantation in 52 patients (52 eyes) were retrospectively analyzed. The main outcome measures were preoperative and postoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), postoperative BCVA of 20/40 or better, and intraoperative and postoperative complications. Combined surgery and sequential surgery were also compared using the same outcome measures. RESULTS: Postoperatively, the BCVA was better in 44 eyes (84.6%); 12 eyes (23.1%) achieved a BCVA of 20/40 or better. Postoperative complications consisted of a transient intraocular pressure increase in 29 eyes (55.8%), hyphema in 10 (19.2%), neovascular glaucoma in 8 (15.4%), anterior chamber fibrin exudation in 7 (13.5%), vitreous hemorrhage in 7 (13.5%), retinal detachment in 3 (5.8%), and posterior capsule opacification in 1 (1.9%). In the diabetic patients, postoperative visual outcomes between the combined-surgery group and the sequential-surgery group were not significantly different; however, neovascular glaucoma occurred only in the combined-surgery group. Other complications were not different between the combined-surgery group and the sequential-surgery group. In the nondiabetic patients, the postoperative visual outcomes and complications between the 2 groups were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: Combined phacoemulsification, PPV, and IOL implantation was safe and effective in selected patients, with the clinical outcomes comparable to those of sequential surgery.
Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12457677&dopt=Abstract hemorrhage
Exp Eye Res. 2002 Nov;75(5):491-504.
A mouse model of proliferative vitreoretinopathy induced by dispase.
Valeria Canto Soler M, Gallo JE, Dodds RA, Suburo AM.
Facultad de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidad Austral, JD Peron 1500, Pilar, B1629 AHJ, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
A proliferative vitreoretinopathy-like condition induced by intravitreal dispase injection in C57BL/6J mice was studied using ophthalmoscopic and histochemical procedures. The frequency of intravitreal hemorrhage, intravitreal spots, retinal folds and epiretinal membranes was scored by ophthalmoscopic examination at 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after the injection. Intravitreal spots corresponded to free cells exhibiting F4/80 immunoreactivity, a macrophage/microglial marker. Retinal folds always appeared before an epiretinal membrane could be observed. Dispase-injected eyes always showed a much higher frequency of folds and membranes than saline-injected eyes. Folds and membranes appeared earlier and were more extensive in the presence of intravitreal hemorrhage than in its absence. Muller retinal cells exhibited significant changes in glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunoreactivity. This was absent in normal Muller cells but, in dispase-injected animals, it was expressed in radial processes at the site of retinal folds, later extending to the whole retina. Both epi- and subretinal membranes contained cells probably derived from Muller cells, since they exhibited co-localization of glial fibrillary acidic protein- and glutamine synthase immunoreactivities. F4/80 was also present in numerous cells within the retina, epi- and subretinal membranes. By contrast, the retinal pigment epithelium cell marker RPE65 was restricted to subretinal membranes. It can be concluded that dispase induced a proliferative vitreoretinopathy-like condition in mice, with a strong contribution of macrophage- and glial-derived cells.
Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12457862&dopt=Abstract hemorrhage
Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2002 Nov;23(4):507-16.
Responses of plasma Epo and kidney and liver Epo mRNA to hemorrhage in perinatal pigs.
David RB, Blom AK, Harbitz I, Framstad T, Sjaastad OV.
Department of Biochemistry, Physiology and Nutrition, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, PO Box 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
Despite the fact that pig fetuses in late gestation have extensive erythropoiesis, low blood pO(2) and low hemoglobin concentrations, piglets are born without detectable concentrations of plasma erythropoietin (Epo). In the present study, we have examined the hypothesis that long-term hypoxic stimuli are less efficient than short-term stimuli in stimulating Epo production in perinatal pigs. From fetuses collected by hysterectomy 5 days before term, new-born piglets and piglets 2 and 5 weeks old, blood in amounts corresponding to 2% of body weight was withdrawn from the jugular vein. Twenty-four hours later the animals were killed and their kidney and liver Epo mRNA analysed by a competitive RT-PCR assay. Plasma Epo concentration was estimated by a solid-phase, two-site sequential chemiluminescent enzyme immunometric assay. We found that in nearly fully developed fetuses and in new-born piglets, the concentration of Epo mRNA did not increase upon bleeding. This is in contrast to earlier findings in sheep. In 2- and 5-week-old piglets, bleeding was associated with a 12-15-fold increase in kidney Epo mRNA. In the 2- and 5-week-old piglets, bleeding evoked increased translation of Epo mRNA into the protein hormone. Also in new-born piglets, increased plasma levels of Epo accompanied bleeding, whereas significant changes in gene Epo expression were not observed. 2002 Elsevier Science Inc.
Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12457957&dopt=Abstract hemorrhage
J Neuroimmunol. 2002 Oct;131(1-2):216-21.
Accumulation of endostatin/collagenXVIII in brains of patients who died with cerebral malaria.
Deininger MH, Fimmen B, Kremsner PG, Meyermann R, Schluesener HJ.
Institute of Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Medical School, Calwer Str. 3, Tubingen, Germany. martin.deiningeni-tuebingen.de
Endostatin is a 20 kDa C-terminal fragment of collagenXVIII that, when added exogenously, inhibits angiogenesis by inducing apoptosis of endothelial cells. In cerebral malaria (CM), blood-brain barrier dysfunction is a hallmark alteration in the formation of edema, inflammation, hemorrhage and Durck's granulomas that are thought to represent the histopathological basis of neurological impairments observed in CM patients.We now analyzed endostatin/collagenXVIII expression in brains of seven patients who died with CM and in seven control patients by immunohistochemistry double-labeling experiments. Endostatin/collagenXVIII immunoreactive macrophages/microglial cells accumulated predominantly in Durck's granulomas. Some immunoreactivity was observed in macrophages located in cerebral capillaries with deposition of malarial pigment and sequestration, but almost no immunoreactivity was detected in ring hemorrhages.Focal accumulation of endostatin/collagenXVIII in granulomas but not in ring hemorrhages of CM brains suggests a novel process that is involved in the destruction of endothelial cells at the time of Durck's granuloma formation.
Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12458056&dopt=Abstract hemorrhage
shed light on how hair loss might occur.
How long can hair grow before it stops growing eventually if it does?
Given that the hair growth rate is quite uniform and constant, somewhere between 0.3-0.5 millimeters per day, it's believed that the length of anagen, the growth phase, differs among individuals, and this is the major determinant to the maximum hair length. For some individuals, anagen may last ten years. Of course the length of the anagen is governed by genes, and the genetic background of the individuals. Non-genetic factors such as nutritional condition, weather, seasonal changes (hair may grow a bit faster during winter), taking medications, health condition may of course influence the rate of
hair loss.
The shape of the hair, straight or curly, is dependent on the shape of the follicle. A circular or round hair follicle would generate straight hair, while the follicle with oval or elliptical shapes (in its cross-section) would produce a curly hair.
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